正文关键词:如何增加词汇量,如何提高英语词汇量,词汇量飙升,背单词的技巧。
学英语就像盖房子,单词就像基础,没有好的基础。
我们早就知道单词对英语学习是多么的重要,但是背单词是个苦差事,如何才能更加高效、快速的提升自身词汇量能。今天望京ok英语小编就为大家分享一篇干货——五个技巧让你在原有基础上词汇量飙升!
风驰电掣啊!!!
一,前缀 上 Common Prefixes I
前缀 的特征
Generally they do not change the word class of the base. 一般不改变本来的词性。
1. Negative Prefixes 表示否定
“ un-” unfair, unfortunately, unhappy
“ non-” non-smoking, non-existent/不存在的,.
“ in-” invisible/隐形的, illogical/不符合逻辑的, impossible, irresponsible…
“ dis-” disloyal/不忠诚的, disobey, dislike, …
2. Reversible Prefixes 表示还原、(某动作)反向的前缀
“ un-” undo, undress, unhorse/下马(动词).
“ de-” defrost/解冻, deactivate/激活的反义词(中文想不起来啦), decode 解码
“ dis-” discouraging, disappear, disengage (打仗时 engage意思是交火,disengage 撤退)
3. Pejorative Prefixes 表示 ‘伪/假的’ ‘错误的’
“ mis-” mishear 错听, misleading 误导性的, mistake …
“ mal-” malformed 变形了的, malfunction 功能紊乱, malnutrition 营养失调
“ pseudo-” pseudo-scientific 假/伪科学的 (多用来讲某种理论活着观念), pseudo- classicism 假/伪古典主义
4. Prefixes of degree and size 表示 ‘程度’、'大小'
“ super-” supermarket, superman (超~)
“ out-” outlive (= live longer than), outdo (=do better than), outrun (=run faster than).
“ sur-” 之上的,超过的 surcharge额外的收费, surpass 超越, surpress 抑制(从上面压)
“ sub-” 下面的,底部的 subnormal 低于正常的, substandard标准一下的, subway 下面的路(地铁), subtitle 下面的标题(字幕)
“ over-”/under-”表示程度上的 ‘超过/不够’ overdo做的过分, overcooked 烹饪时间太久的, undercooked 烹饪时间不够的 undertook
“ hyper-/ultra-” 极度的,终极的 hypersensitive极敏感的, ultra-careful极自习的, hyperlink 超链接
“ mini-/micro-” 微型的,极小的 miniskirt, microwave
5. Prefixes of attitude 表示 某种态度
“ co-” 一起,共同 cooperative, co-director, coexist 共存
“ counter-” 对抗的,对立的 counter-argument 驳论点, counter-attack 反攻 逆袭.
“ anti-/pro-” 反对 anti-nuclear 反核的, anti-democracy 反民主的, anti-social 反社会的, anti-government 反政府的
(PS: ‘counter-’ is more about 'actions'; while 'anti-' thinking and beliefes. 'counter-' 多指行为上的对抗;而‘anti-’ 一般指思想或观念上的反对)
当然,英语中的前缀远不止这些,先介绍这几个,平时在读东西的时候遇到这些前缀,先别急着查有道,猜一猜词意,然后去印证。猜对次数多了就比较容易记住了。
不过这只是帮助大家扩展词汇量的方法之一,也是学英语必要的知识,但是不能代替大家自己日常的学习方法。
二, 前缀 下 Common Prefixes II
词汇量不是死记硬背出来的。掌握了常见的词根词汇,再熟悉且熟练英语的构词规律,就算遇到生词,也能猜个八九。
本文继续之前一贴子的内容,再介绍几组常见的 英语前缀。有了这些个子虽小,但威力无穷的秘密武器,然后结合起来,用不了多久,你的词汇量肯定会暴涨。
Prefixes of time and order 时间和顺序
“ fore-” 提前 (在某事/动作发生之前) foretell, foreman, forewarn
“ pre-/post-” 之前 (在某一时间点之前) pre-historial, pre-school, postgraduate, pre-war, post-war
“ ex-” 前任的 ex-minister, ex-wife, ex-girlfriend
“ re-” 重新,再次 rebuild, relocation, re-elegible.
Number Prefixes 数字
“ uni-/mono-” 一,单~ monologue独白, uniform 看起来一个样的衣服, unicorn 独角兽(星座里有个capricorn,可见-corn在古英语中指带角的动物)
“ bi-/di-” 双~ dialogue对话, bicycle 兩個圈兒??.
“ multi-/poly-/pluri-”多~ multimedia, multicultural 后两个前缀属于高级词缀,平时不多见,有兴趣的小伙伴可以自己查一查。
Conversion prefixes 改变词性的前缀 (前一个贴子里说了前缀一般不会改变词根的词性,只影响他的词义,这一个是例外)
“ be-” 将本来的词变成动词 bewigged, bewitch, befriend 词义自己动手查一下 (文言文好的孩纸可以联想 中文的‘名词和形容词的使动用法’,没听说过这个的小伙伴可以直接飘过……)
“ en-/em-” 将本来的词变成动词 endanger, enlarge, empower.
“ a-” 动词变形容词 afloat, awake, asleep …
常见的前缀还有很多,大家平时多观察,多总结。
不要走开,Jack会在以后的帖子里给大家介绍常见的后缀。
三,常见后缀 Common Suffixes
Noun suffixes 构成名词
Occupational 关于职业
“ -eer” engineer, pioneer
“ -ster” gangster, gamester, trickster
“ -er” Londoner, banker
Diminutive (小的,年幼的) and feminine 女性的
“ -let” booklet, owlet, piglet.
“ -ette” cigarrette, kitchenette
“ -ess” countess, hostess, actress
“ -y” Johnny, daddy, kitty, granny 小孩子喜欢这么讲话,嗲嗲的节奏
Status, domain, etc 抽象的身份,状态,相互关系,所属关系等
“ -hood” boyhood, brotherhood, neighborhood, childhood, adulthood
“ -ship” friendship, companionship, citizenship 国籍/公民身份
Quantity. 数量
“ -ful” handful (a handfull of 一把,若干), spoonful (a spoonful of 一勺的)
Noun/adjective suffixes 构成 名词或形容词
“ -(i)an” Shakespearian, Australian, Brazilian, Russian, magician (魔术师), musician (音乐家)
“ -ese” Japanese …
“ -ist” novelist, violinist, typist, artist …
以上三个后缀都表示 ‘某一类人’
“ -ism” 表示某种思想、理论体系、主义等 Cummunism共产主义, Imperialistm帝国主义
De-verbal suffixes 在动词后面,把该动词变成其他词性(比较常见的是把它变成名词)
“ -er” worker, onlooker, drinker (可以用来表示职业)
“ -ant” inhabitant 栖息者/居住者, occupant (某地域,某地位的)占有者, assisstant(~者/~的人)
“ -ation” operation, exploration, creation, expectation (the action of the verb 做该动作的过程)
“ -ment” arrangement, argument, movement
“ -al” approval, refusal
“ -ing” swimming, living, painting, building.
“ -age” package, shortage, usage,
“ -ee” trainee, employee, interviewee
De-adjectival suffixes 在形容词后面,把该形容词变成其他词性(adj. or n.)
“ -ness” goodness, happiness, selfishness.
“ -ity”/”-able”/”-ible”/”-al” readable, readability, sentimental, sentimentality, mental, mentality
Verb suffixes 将其他词性变成动词
“ -ify” certify, identify, simplify, purify …
“ -ize” scandalize, organise, industralize, modernize …
“ -en” blacken, sadden, redden …
Adjective Suffixes 将其他词性变成形容词
“ -able” 可+动词 + 的 readable可读的, drinkable可饮用的, usable可用的, doable可做到的
“ -al” chemical, criminal, special.
“ -ful” beautiful, plentiful.
“ -ed” blue-eyed, odd-shaped.
“ -en” wooden, leaden.
“ -ic” romantic, specific, Pacific, Atlantic
“ -ish” foolish, boyish, snobbish.
“ -less” helpless, hopeless.
“ -like” friendly, child-like
adverb suffixes 将其他词性变成副词
“ -ly” happily, freely, instantly.
“ -wise” clockwise 顺时针的; anti-clockwise 逆时针的
"-wise" in modern English, it's attached to nouns meaning 'concering, regarding'. 在现代英语中还可以表示 ‘与钱有关的’ It's not a bad job… money-wise. (Jack个人经验,这种用法几乎都是在口语中;书面写作时不建议用)
PS:看起来挺多,但我相信很多大家都经常看到,所以不用担心记不住。已经知道的忽略,不知道的,平时多留意。在学习的路上做个有心人,就不会那么难啦。
四,常见合成词之 合成名词 Compound Nouns
What is a compound word? 什么是合成词?
In English (and many other languages),sometimes we join two or even more independent words together into one new word with a new meaning. The meaning of the new word is different from the orginal words, but logically related to it in some way.
在很多语言中,我们有时候可以把两个,甚至更多的单个词拼在一起,然后当做一个新词来用。这个新词的词义和原来那几个词的意思不一样,但其实逻辑上还是有联系的。
For example: air + plane = airplane; paper + clip = paperclip; girl + friend = girlfriend; sister + in + law = sister-in-law …
Characteristics of Compound words 合成词的几个特征
1. Some compounds words are written together, some separately and some with a hyphen (-).
有些合成词是几个词直接拼在一起,有些分开写,有些需要用连字符。没有很明显的规律,很多老外都瞎用。有几个很小的规 则,之后Jack会提到。
2. The main stress of the word is usually on the first syllabus.
词的重音一般都在开头。
hotdog 热狗;hot dog 感觉热的一条狗
whitehouse 白宫;white house 白色的房子
(曾经有同学跟我讲,不用这么复杂,在一起的特殊,不在一起的不特殊嘛。我纳闷,写出来还好,你讲话能讲出空格来? )
当然,还有很多特征,这里不多提。有这两点就够用了。
Common Compound Nouns 常见的合成名词
1. common countable compound nouns 常见的可数合成名词
o Police station
o Address book
o Air conditioner
o Baby-sitter
o Bank account
o Brother-in-law
o Bus-stop
o Can opener
o Heart attack
o High school
o Human being
o Letter-box
o Passer-by
o Pen-friend (pen-pal)
o Polar bear
Some Common Uncountable Nouns 常见的不可数合成名词
o Birth control
o Central heating
o Common sense
o Dry-cleaning
o Family planning
o Fancy dress
o Fast-food
o Income tax
o Lost property
o Make up
o Old age
o Remote control
o Social security
o First aid
Common singular compound nouns 以下这些合成名词只做单数用
o Cost of living
o Generation gap
o Human race
o Mother-tongue
o Public sector
o Solar system
Common plural compound nouns 一下这些合成名词只做复数用
o Armed forces
o Civil rights
o High heels
o Human rights
o Luxury goods
o Social services
o Winter sports
o Yellow pages
To be continued …
五,常见合成词 之 合成形容词
They are usually make up of two or more words. When they are used as modifiers (before a noun), there should be a hyphen (-) between the words.
合成形容词一般有两个或者多个词构成。他们出现在名词前面来修饰名词的时候,一般要用连字符把各个词连起来。如果出现在be后面的时候,也就是你们老师讲的作表语的时候不用连字符。讲话的时候不用在意这个,因为你也讲不出‘连字符’来……
Example:
She is very good looking.
She's a very good-looking girl.
常见合成形容词的构成形式
adj/number-noun-ed 形容词/数词 + 名词-ed (This type of compound words are always hyphened) 这种合成形容词必须要有连字符)
red-haired girl, three-legged dog, one-eyed monster …
adv/adj + part participle 形容词/副词 + 动词过去分词
highly-respected, low-paid, well-behaved …
adv/adj + v-ing 形容词/副词 + 动词ing
easy going, good looking, money making,mother #$%^ing (lolz) …
当然还有很多其他的形式,不过可以总结出来普遍规律的,Jack也只能找到这几种了,之后要是有更多的发现,在写给大家。
Some Common Compound Adjectives
几个给事物‘定性的’合成形容词 (Qualitative)
Absent minded 心不在焉的
Easy-going
Low-paid
Old fashioned
Open-minded
Second-class
Starry-eyed (形容某人,尤其是小孩,眼睛亮的像星星一样)
Tender-hearted (tender:温柔的。瞬间比kind高大上很多)
Well-behaved
Well-dressed 盛装的
Well-known
…
几个表示‘颜色’的合成形容词
Blood-red
Bottle-green 啤酒瓶那样的绿 (虽然有很多啤酒瓶子不是绿色的)
Nut-brown
Royal-blue 应该是那种很正的蓝色。牛津的解释:a deep bright blue colour
Sky-blue
Snow-white
pitch-black 漆黑 (pitch不是油漆哈,具体神马意思自己查查看)
…
几个我也不知道怎么分类的合成形容词
Audio-visual 视听的
Brand-new 崭新的
Built-in 内置的 (比如说摄像头神马的)
Deep-sea
Duty-free
Long-distance
One-way 单向的,单行的,单趟的 (不要自作主张来个 two-way 或者 double-way哈。‘往返票’- round trip ticket)
Second-hand
Tax-free (机场的免税不是这个哦)
Top-secret
…
To be continued …
五,常见合成词 之 合成动词 Common Verbs
What is a compound verb?
A compound verb is a verb made up of more than one word, but functions as one word. There are the following __ different situations:
合成动词,和其他合成词一样,是由两个或者两个以上的词构成,但被当做一个单个的词来用。主要有一下几种情况。
prepositional verbs 动词-介词组合的短语
rely on, look after, look for, look at, listen to, take after, turn out …
(These words cannot be separated and there cannot be any other words going between the verbs and the prepositions. 这些词不能拆开用,也就是说各个词中间不可以有其他的词出现。)
phrasal verbs短语型动词
take down, turn on, put on, take off …
(这些词比较特殊:如果讲的是名词,那这个名词就老老实实地跟在后面,不用讲究什么。但如果讲的是个代词,那就得把这个代词放在动词和后面的介词之间保护起来。)
with auxiliaries 和很多助动词在一起的,多数是因为时态或者其他语法条件而形成
am sleeping
can be understood
have studied
have been studying …
PS: 其实很多人,包括英语老师可能都没发现原来他们也是这类词。但是既然它们这些词总是一起出现,不能改变,那当然算合成词啦。Jack提它们是想提醒大家,在遇到或者自己使用动词的时候要明白+谨慎,有些词是不可以分开使用或者理解的……
compound verbs with two content words 有两个语义性词汇组合而成 (语义性词汇与语法性/功能性词汇相对,比如 a/an, the, in这样的就是语法性/功能性词汇)
这样合成词没有定法,Jack只给大家介绍几个Jack自己在平时的阅读中遇到过的合成动词,具体词义大家自己查查:
kick-start, jump-start, head-star …
deep-fry, stir-fry, French-fry (不知道为什么是French)…
headhunt, apartment-hunt …
babysit, housesit…
outrun, outlive, outgun…
downsize, upgrate,upload, download …
overreact, overrun, overestimate …
understand, underestimate, underline …
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